Abstract of Ecological Report in the Chinese Homosexual Popu
Legal Environment of homosexuality in
By Guo Xiaofei (Teaching in
Abstract: A case-based, systematic and profound introduction and in-depth analysis on
The following approaches are shown in this article:
(1)A systematic review and summary was carried out on laws related to homosexuality and affecting the living conditions of the homosexual population, as well as their subtle changes and on social, political and cultural backgrounds of legislation process in
(2) A detailed and profound introduction and analysis was given to right appeals that the homosexual population and their researchers have come up with and those they haven’t clarified yet from the perspective of modern human rights and in cooperation Union of Venue Owners for Male Health ndence to existing laws
(3) Multiple understandings and reflection was introduced from the point of laws on “hot” issues of gay people’s right appeals, such as homosexual and heterosexual marriages.
(4) While introducing transformation of laws in China that relate to the homosexual population, the author also gives a clear description of the legal environment that Chinese homosexual population are facing.
Public Health Issues of Homosexual Population
By Xing Jianmin (Center for Evidence-Based Medicine,
Abstract: This article gives a systematic introduction of the public health issues of homosexual population in
In the first section, attention was paid to changes and progress in public policy and policy guidance adopted by Chinese government on homosexuality in the past twenty years in order to cope with the problem of AIDS among the homosexual population since AIDS escalated into an undeniable problem, together with the positive influences that progress of public health policies exerted on social practices of AIDS intervention for the homosexual population.
In the second section, emphasis was put on three priority public health problems affecting physical and mental health of homosexuals: gender, AIDS and psychological support, and on the aggravating impact of social discrimination on these problems.
The review and analysis on public health issues related to Chinese homosexual population projects a larger view of public health causes for the gay people and points out their demands for public health in other areas, lending further support in pushing public health policies to care citizens in a more equal and comprehensive manner.
Study on Reports of Homosexuality by Traditional Media in the Mainland of
By Yang Tianhua (from www.mediachina.com, MD of Communication University of China)
Abstract: Taking news reports on homosexuality by mass media in the Mainland of China from 2000 to 2006 as the sample, the study gives an in-depth introduction and analysis on changes and manifestation of cognition and treatment of domestic mass media on homosexual issues, as well as on the extent of their impact on society and the multitude.
Based on the rich and specific information, the study marked off two distinct periods in terms of attitudes of mass media towards homosexuality, namely the phase of ignoble crimes (before up to November 29, 2004) and of AIDS related (after November 30, 2004), the dividing point being November 30, 2004, when Chinese government had announced the estimated number of sexually active male homosexuals throughout the country and acknowledged that they are victims of AIDS for the first time. In doing this, the study gives a thorough analysis on social factors causing attitude changes of media
Supported by rich information, the study probed into social discrimination of mass media in reports of homosexuality and its concrete manifestation.
With powerful evidence, profound analysis and original perspective, the study gives a comprehensive depiction on the real standing of domestic mass media on homosexual issues.
Homosexual Community: Formation Background and Development of Its Forms of Activity.
By Tong Ge (Chief Expert of GHE)
Abstract: Though active in Chinese history, before early 1980s, MSM activities had been considered by not only MSM people themselves but also the masses to be nothing but sporadic sexual relationships that occur and develop between individuals. No one realized that MSM groups could be a social community, an existence of a social group.
Taking forms of activity of male homosexuals in
In 1970s, the Cultural Revolution--named “Ten-year Catastrophe” later on—was still going on. With terrific political pressure, the society became unpredictable in political, cultural and social thoughts. This historic period saw ruthless persecution of individuals as the target of class struggle for any speeches and actions against political consciousness autocracy of the time. Therefore, this period appeared to be most intolerant for MSM activities in history. However, it is at that time when group consciousness and forms of group activities of Chinese MSM people came into being.
In addition, the article also attempts to explain what kind of role the sexual desire played in the development of gay communities—major or minor?—and to what extent changes in political, cultural and economic environment of China have driven (stimulated) and provided opportunities (chances) to the formation of homosexual communities.
Female Homosexuals: Their Past and Present
By He Xiaopei (
Abstract: Although female homosexuality (in other words, female homosexuals, AA, LES) has existed objectively since ancient times as a form of relationship between individuals, lesbians are poorly recognized by people and therefore have to live under great pressure for their livelihood and self-expression when confronting the traditional ethical culture of superiority of man and the traditional marriage system of patriarchy. They failed to form the consciousness of group support as well.
Nevertheless, since 1990s, female and male homosexuals as well as other sexual minorities as victims of social discrimination have went through the awakening of human rights consciousness and started to fight for self-liberation.
Based on rich and rarely known resources, this article gives an introduction to changes of lesbians’ living conditions, development of self-identity from individual to group, and actions they took to strive for equality, since reform and opening up and from the perspectives of “evolvement and development of female homosexuality”, and “development of lesbian movement”.
Due to relative lack of literature materials on systematic introduction of living and developing conditions of Chinese female homosexuals, this article has a high reference value for basic information of female homosexual groups
Female homosexuality refers to the female gender, sexual desire for women and having sex with a woman. In a society advocating superiority of man and heterosexuality, a woman is supposed to marry a man and to reproduce. It is shameful if she has sexual desire and absolutely unacceptable if she shows her desire to another woman. Thus, it is in the long-term oppression of cultural hegemony and the conflict between their own desires and restriction of traditional ethical cultures that female homosexuals strive for survival and development. This kind of survival and restriction would find its apt illustration in the development of terms used to describe their identity.
The Subtype of Transgenderists in Homosexuality
Mao Yanling (Institute for Research on Sexuality and Gender, Renmin University of China, a Ph.D. candidate)
Abstract: The article gives an introduction on an existing and active subtype of homosexuals with more explicit appearances, i.e. transgenderists, who are epitomized by cross-dress and sex-changing of several body organs (e.g. breast augmenttation).
Among them, some identify themselves as “homosexuals” while others don’t. Their gender images, self-identity, gender selection of their sexual partners, etc, have lent more support to multiple trends in social gender construction.
In Chinese homosexual movements against social discrimination, transgenderists together with CC (feminine temperament) in them suffer from not only great pressure of social discrimination, but also contempt and defilement from some homosexuals, which makes clear that anti-discrimination movement of Chinese homosexuals is still chained by traditional gender/sexuality values in the guidance of thoughts and devoid of thorough revolutionary pursuit for equality.
Nevertheless, with the awakening of human rights consciousness in recent years, both homosexuals and those famous or nameless people on homosexual issues analyzed and criticized this “discrimination against insiders”. And some homosexual transgederists, have begun to bravely fight against traditional social discrimination and to express their own illustrations.
Note: Transgenderism mentioned in this article refers specifically to what happens among MSM groups and has nothing to do with other reansgendering phenomena, such as playing sexually-reverse roles in artistic shows and sexual reassignment. Please excuse for the incompleteness of information in this article.
Queer Literature: Appearing in Books and Networks
By Cui Zien (Associate professor of
Abstract: Based on various points of view and rich information, this article gives a detailed introduction to literature creations and publishing on homosexual themes and social gender from two aspects.
On the one hand, the article tells about introduction of homosexual literature by the translation circle and the publishing circle in China Mainland and rediscovery of the same type of literature products in
On the other hand, the article describes how homosexuals in China Mainland unprecedentedly created contemporary writing practices on homosexual literature together with their influences in order to show their subjective construction and express themselves since the mid-1990s. It also introduces several representative homosexual writers and their works with various styles.
Queer Movies and Arts: Spirit of Humanity Penetrating through Clouds
By Cui Zien (Associate professor of
Abstract: Based on rich information and in-depth criticism, this article gives an comprehensive and thorough introduction and analysis on movies, stage drama and other forms of arts featuring “gender”/social gender manifestations of homosexuality, most of which were produced underground and independently since early 1990s.
Although at present, “Queer movies” and other forms of arts are still “dancing alone underground”, several independent filmmakers and artists, most of whom are young people, have persisted in independent examination and expression of Queer’s existence as well as its ways of living. With the original artistic language penetrating into society and life, they have been in continuous pursuit of various and profound manifestation of existence of “gender” in domestic homosexuality so as to display multiple and independent cultural individuality of “Queer”; they also participated in production and transmission of humane knowledge on sexual minority
Valuable information in this study also tells us that in China, besides AIDS prevention of homosexuals who began to arouse social attention due to AIDS, Queer movies and other forms of homosexual arts and cultural creations is booming, which helps to develop more firmly and deeply subjective expression, participation and construction of sexual minorities and to reflect vividly the independent spirit of cultural construction of homosexuality.
Homosexual Website: the Spontaneous Construction of “Homosexual Community”
Tong Ge
Abstract: Since the end of 1990s when electrical communication technology began to gain its popularity, homosexual websites have been set up voluntarily by homosexuals in the form of person homepage, and made gradual progress with much difficulty. Up till now, the number of mature websites across the country is around 300 and many of them have been to the government administration sections voluntarily for legal registration and obtained opening qualification. They’ve been making efforts to meet the consumption needs of homosexual communities and obtained economic independence of self-management by means of commercial operation, e.g. ads. In addition, many of them have been taking initiatives in advancing their capability building and self-management system for the purpose of extending the service scope for homosexual community. Besides, on the basis of interpersonal communication through “virtual community”, some websites have held entertaining and recreational activities for network members on their own, which helps to turn virtual communities into real ones.
This article gives a comprehensive introduction to formation and development of homosexual websites.
Consumption Activities and Places of the Homosexual Population
Tong Ge
Abstract: In Chinese history, the fact that there were a lot of men having sex with other men (MSM) can find its best illustration in that the “male homosexual” sex sector were very popular, and served as a kind of entertainment and social culture among upper-class men just as the role heterosexual sex sector played in the society. Now, with the awakening of human rights consciousness and the achievement of reform and opening up in
The relationship between the homosexual population and social economy deserves serious discussion as a major subject of the relationship between the homosexual population and social development. Based on social survey, this article simply gives a plain description and introduction of current situation of consumption activities and places of the homosexual population in
Volunteers and their organizations for homosexual community (A Compilation)
Abstract: In early 1990s when reform and opening up were ongoing in China, and homosexuality was viewed with prejudice, discrimination and suppression by society and government of the time, awareness of human rights and realization of the menace of AIDS made a few homosexuals come together to fight against discrimination and AIDS.
With the help of social workers such as experts in the academic circle and official institutions, politicians and media personnel, they have promoted the establishment and development of volunteers’ organizations for homosexual community on the one hand. And on the other, they have also urged the society and government to change their attitudes and policies towards volunteers for homosexual groups for the sake of AIDS prevention.
This article collects related research materials and gives a systematic introduction on this issue.
Living Conditions and Activity Space of LGBT Students on Campus
Bing Lan (
Abstract: Although LGBT individuals studying in colleges and secondary technical schools keep in contact with the homosexual population, they still have their own characteristics in cultural identity, cultural psychology, demands in humanity, and types of activities, etc, due to the impact of several homogenous factors, such as age, living conditions, lifestyle, education background, economic conditions, etc.
Moreover, as the society becomes more open, homosexuals in college have not only made open their connections and their group activities with other homosexuals from the same college or other colleges in the same region according to their group features, but also founded various clubs on campus and participated actively in activities organized by societal homosexual groups, such as anti-discrimination and anti-AIDS activities.
Based on surveys, this article conducts vivid description and analysis on living conditions and activities of domestic LGBT students from varied perspectives and at different levels. Research on this topic is comparatively rare among all the literature on sexual minority, so the article has high reference values for understanding the condition of homosexuals on campus in
Changes in Living Conditions of Chinese Homosexuals in
Er Yan (Chinese Society for Study of Sexual Minorities, CSSSM)
Abstract: Chinese homosexuals living in foreign countries are an important component of Chinese homosexuals.
As one of primary organizers of non-governmental research institutes and agents on American Chinese homosexuals, the author describes the changes of living conditions of American Chinese homosexuals since 1980s based on his own experiences. Although it is comparatively clear what the changes were, further studies should be conducted on this theme due to its richness and complexity.
In this article, we can find answers to many questions, such as:
(1) Those Chinese homosexuals who can afford to go to foreign countries for further studies share some homogenous features as a group. So what is their self-cultural identity?
(2) Does changes in living conditions, especially in social environment that holds different attitudes towards homosexuality immediately change their opinions and life qualities?
(3) Is American society a paradise as homosexuals in
(4) What impact do cultural differences between the east and the west have on ethics, values, life styles and living conditions of homosexuals?
(5) What impact does the development of the homosexual movements in